Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866: despite an
unsuccessful campaign, it received the region of Venice following Bismarck's
victory. Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand
years of Papal temporal power. Italy accepted Bismarck's proposal to enter
in a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria in 1882, following strong
disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions. However,
even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna
remained purely formal. So, in 1915, Italy accepted British invite to join
the Allies into World War I. The victory in the war gave Italy the status of
a major power, with a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations.

The Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The
development of the Kingdom's territory progressed under Italian unification until
1870. The state for a long period of time did not have Trieste or Trentino-Alto
Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only received them in 1919. After
the Treaties of Versailles and St Germain, the state was given Gorizia, Trieste
and Istria (now part of Croatia and Slovenia), and small parts of modern-day north
western Croatia as well as a minuscule portion of the Croatian province of Dalmatia.
During the second World War, the Kingdom gained more territory in Slovenia and more
territory from Dalmatia. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day
Italy were founded and the Kingdom abandoned its land claims.

The Kingdom of Italy also held colonies and protectorates and puppet states, such
as modern-day Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, Ethiopia (occupied by Italy in 1936, and then
occupied by the British in World War II), Albania, Greece (occupied in World War II),
Croatia (Italian and German puppet state in World War II), Kosovo (occupied in World
War II), and Montenegro (occupied in World War II), and a small 46 hectare section
of land from China in Tianjin (see Italian concession in Tianjin).

The Royal House of Savoy

This ancient ruling house was founded by Humbert I "White Hands" (Biancamano), who     
Became Count of Sabaudia (Savoy) 1032. Piedmont was inherited through the marriage of         
Count Otto (d 1060) to Adelaide, Marchioness of Segusium (Suse, Prov of Turin Italy) 1091. 
Thomas, Count of Savoy (d 1233) had with other issue Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy (d 1253),   
acquired the Duchy of Caputlacensis (Chablais, Savoy, France) and Augusta Praetoria (Aosta,  
Prov of Turin) 1238; Thomas II, Count of Piedmont (d 1259); Piers (Piero) (d 1268), given
the honour (styled Earl) of Richmond by his nephew Henry III of England 1240, succeeded
his brother Amadeus IV as Count of Savoy 1253; the senior line of Piedmont became extinct
in the male line 1418, when male primogeniture representation passed to the line of Counts
of Savoy, descended from Amadeus V (d 1323), yr son of Thomas II, Count of Piedmont, who
was cr Prince of the Holy Empire 11 Jun 1313.

Amadeus VI (d 1383), Count of Savoy, founded the Order of the Collar, known as the Order of
the Annunziata, 1362, and was grandfather of Amadeus VIII (d 1451), who received title of
Duke of Savoy from the Emperor 19 Feb 1417, incorporated Piedmont with Savoy 1418, abdicated
as Duke 1434 and was elected Pope as Felix VI, 1439 (his election having been disputed, he
abdicated as Pope 1449 and was made a Cardinal); his son (born before his election to the
Papacy), Louis, Duke of Savoy (d 1465), claimed the throne of Cyprus, Armenia and Jerusalem
by right of his wife Anne of Lusignan, and was father of Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (male
descendants extinct 1496), Louis (d 1482), who became titular King of Cyprus, Armenia and
Jerusalem; Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d 1497) who succeeded his brother as titular King of
Cyprus, Armenia and Jerusalem and was ancestor of the present line; the latter's son Charles
III (d 1553), became Count of Asti 1538.

The Duchy of Savoy was governed by France 1535-1559, when Emmanuel Philibert (d 1580), a
brilliant military commander, recovered his Duchy and in 1572 refounded the Order of St
Maurice, which was combined with the Italian Priories of the ancient crusader Order of St
Lazarus and invested in the Dukes of Savoy by the Papal Bull Christiani populi corpus 16
September 1572. His son Charles Emmanuel I (d 1630), was father of Victor Amadeus (d 1637),
Duke of Savoy (titular King of Cyprus, Armenia and Jerusalem, etc), and a yr son Thomas,
Prince of Carignano (d 1656), ancestor of the only surviving branch, now the Royal House of
Italy. Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, became King of Sicily 1713 (by terms of the Treaty
of Utrecht), but Sicily was returned to Austrian rule 1718 and then exchanged for the Kingdom
of Sardinia 9 May 1720. Charles Emmanuel IV (d 6 Oct 1819) was deposed as ruler of Piedmont
and Savoy 1797, abdicated as King of Sardinia at Naples 4 Jun 1802, but succeeded as
primogeniture representative of the Stuart dynasty on the death of titular King Henry IX,
Cardinal Duke of York, 13 Jul 1807. He was succeeded following his abdication as King of Sardinia
by his brother Victor Emmanuel IV (d 10 Jan 1824) who was restored as Duke of Savoy, Prince of
Piedmont, 1814 and abdicated 13 Mar 1821; succeeded (following a brief Regency under the Duke of
Aosta) in turn by his brother Charles Felix, last of the senior line, who d 27 Apr 1831.

Thomas, Prince of Carignano (1596-1656), was grandfather of Vittorio Amedeo, Prince of Carignano
(1690-1741) and the celebrated Imperial commander, Prince Eugène of Savoy (1663-1736), Field
Marshal, who died unmarried. Victor Amadeus I was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Louis
Victor, Prince of Carignano (1721-1778), grandfather of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
(1770-1800), whose only son, Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto), Prince of Carignano, succeeded as
King of Sardinia, etc, 27 Apr 1831. (The claim to the Crowns of Cyprus, Armenia and Jerusalem
while still claimed by the House of Savoy, passed de jure to Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy,
daughter of Victor Emmanuel IV, who is now represented by Franz, Duke of Bavaria, see BAVARIA).

Charles Albert was succeeded by his eldest son, Victor Emmanuel I, who ceded Savoy and Nice to
France 1858 in exchange for French support in the war with Austria, and led the movement for the
unification of Italy. He was proclaimed King of united Italy 17 Mar 1861 following successful
invasions of Tuscany, Parma Modena and the Two Sicilies. Austrian troops were expelled from
northern Italy and Venice was incorporated into the new Kingdom 3 Oct 1866; Rome was captured
and incorporated into Italy as its capital 9 Oct 1870. The Trento acquired from Austria as war
reparations under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles 10 Sep 1919, Venetian Giulia and Zara
were incorporated 12 Nov 1920 and Fiume (despite protests by the powers) 27 Jan 1924. Adoption
of title Emperor of Ethiopia by Victor Emmanuel III, 9 May 1936; King of Albania 16 Apr 1939
(these titles renounced at Brindisi 3 Sep 1943). The plebiscite on the Monarchy held 2 Jun 1946
with a majority of 8% of votes cast in favour of a republic was accepted by the King (even
though there were allegations of fraud), who went into exile 13 Jun 1946 without abdicating or
subsequently renouncing his claims.

The Titles of The King of Italy

Titles of the King: King of Italy, Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia, Duke of Savoy,
Prince of Carignano, Piemonte, Oneglia, Pirino, Trino, Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the
Holy Roman Empire, Prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Fancin, Prince Bailiff
of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri e Bana, Prince
of Busca, of Bene, of Brà, Duke of Genova, Monferrato, Chiablese, the Genovese, Piacenza,
and Carignano Ivoy, Marquess in Italy, of Saluzzo, Ivrea, Susa, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Cesena,
Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero and Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola,
Racconigi with Tegerone, Migliabruna and Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane and of
Landesbourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià, Aglié, Centallo, e Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone,
and Villafranca (Piemonte), Count of Moriana, Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda,
Romont, Asti, Alessandria, the Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, San Antioco
(Sardegna), Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Oregno, and the Apertole, Baron of Vaud
and the Faucigny, Superior Lord of Monaco, of Roccabruna and of eleven twelfths of Mentone,
Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, the Lomellina and Valle Sesia, Nobile Uomo and Patrician of
Venice, Patrician of Ferrara.

       

VITTORIO AMEDEO II Francesco, Duke of Savoy 12 Jun 1675, proclaimed
King of Sicily 22 Sep 1713, exchanged Sicily for Sardinia, of which
he became King 2 Aug 1718, abdicated in favor of his son 3 Sep 1730
(Turin 14 May 1666-Moncalieri 31 Oct 1732); m.1st by proxy at
Versailles 10 Apr 1684 and in person at Chambéry 6 May 1684 Anne
Marie d'Orléans (St.Cloud 27 Aug 1666-Turin 26 Aug 1728)

1a) Marie Adelaide (Turin 6 Dec 1685-Versailles 12 Feb 1712); m.by
proxy at Turin on 15 Sep 1696 and in person at Versailles 7 Dec 1697
Louis, Dauphin de Viennois (Versailles 6 Aug 1682-Versailles 18 Feb 1712)

2a) Maria Anna
(14 Aug 1687-5 Aug 1690)

3a) Maria Luisa Gabriella (Turin 17 Sep 1688-Madrid 14 Feb 1714);
m.by proxy at Turin 11 Sep 1701 and in person at Figueras 2 Nov
1701 King Felipe V of Spain (Versailles 19 Dec 1683-Buen Retiro
9 Jul 1746)

4a) Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe, Pr
of Piedmont (Turin 6 May 1699-22 Mar 1715)

5a) CARLO EMANUELE III, King of Sardinia (Turin 27 Apr 1701-Turin
20 Feb 1773); m.1st by proxy 16 Feb 1722 and in person at Vercelli
15 Mar 1722 Anne Christine Luise Pfgfn von Sulzbach (Sulzbach 5 Feb
1704-Turin 12 Mar 1723); m.2d Thonon 23 Jul 1724 Polyxene Christine
Landgravine of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (21 Sep 1706-Turin 13 Jan
1735); m.3d 1 Apr 1737 Elisabeth of Lorraine (Lunéville 15 Oct 1711
-Turin 3 Jul 1741)

1b) Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta
(Turin 7 Mar 1723-Turin 1 Aug 1725)

2b) VITTORIO AMEDEO III, King of Sardinia
(Turin 26 Jun 1726-Moncalieri 16 Oct 1796); m.
Oulx 31 May 1750 Maria Antonia Infanta of Spain
(Seville 17 Nov 1729-Moncalieri 19 Sep 1785)

1c) CARLO EMANUELE IV, King of Sardinia (Turin 24 May
1751-Rome 6 Oct 1819); m.Chambéry 6 Sep 1775 Clothilde
of France (Versailles 23 Sep 1759-Naples 7 Mar 1802)

2c) Maria Elisabetta Carlotta
(Turin 16 Jul 1752-Turin 17 Apr 1753)

3c) Maria Giuseppina Luigia (Turin 2 Sep 1753-Hartwell
House, nr Aylesbury, Bucks 13 Nov 1810); m.Versailles
14 May 1771 King Louis XVIII of France (Versailles 17
Nov 1755-Tuileries 16 Sep 1824)

4c) Amedeo Alessandro Maria, Duke of Montferrat
(Turin 5 Oct 1754-Turin 29 Apr 1755)

5c) Maria Teresa (Turin 31 Jan 1756-Graz 2 Jun 1805);
m.Versailles 16 Nov 1773 Charles Philippe of France
Cte d'Artois [later, King Charles X] (Versailles 9
Oct 1757-Schloß Graffenberg 6 Nov 1836)

6c) Maria Anna Carolina Gabriella (Turin 17 Dec 1757-
Stupinigi 11 Dec 1824); m.Turin 19 Mar 1775 Benedetto
Pr of Savoy, Duke of Chablais (1741-1808; below)

7c) VITTORIO EMANUELE I, King of Sardinia (Turin 24 Jul 1759-Moncalieri
10 Jan 1824); m.Turin 25 Apr 1789 Maria Teresa Archdss of Austria-Este
(Milan 1 Nov 1773-Genoa 29 Mar 1832)

1d) Maria Beatrice Vittoria Giuseppina (Turin 6 Dec 1792-Cattajo
15 Sep 1840); m.Cagliari 20 Jun 1812 Francesco IV Duke of Modena,
Archduke of Austria (Milan 6 Oct 1779-Modena 21 Jan 1846)

2d) Marie Adelaide Clotilda Xaveria Borbonia
(Turin 1 Oct 1794-Naples 9 Mar 1802)

3d) Carlo Emanuele Vittorio Amedeo
(Turin 3 Nov 1796-Cagliari 9 Aug 1799)

4d) a daughter (Cagliari 20
Dec 1800-Cagliari 10 Jan 1801)

5d) Maria Teresa Ferdinanda Felicita Gaetana Pia
(Rome 19 Sep 1803-San Martino, nr Lucca 16 Jun 1879)
; m.Lucca 5 Sep 1820 Duke Carlo II of Parma (Madrid
22 Sep 1799-Nice 17 Apr 1883)

6d) Maria Anna Carolina Pia (Rome 19 Sep 1803-Prague
4 May 1884); m.Vienna 27 Feb 1831 Emperor Ferdinand
of Austria (Vienna 19 Apr 1793-Prague 29 Jun 1875)

7d) Maria Cristina Carolina Giuseppina Gaetana Elisa
(Cagliari 14 Nov 1812-Caserta 31 Jan 1836); m.Voltri
21 Nov 1832 King Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies
(Palermo 12 Jan 1810- Caserta 22 May 1859)

8c) Maria Cristina Giuseppa Ferdinanda
(Turin 21 Nov 1760-Turin 19 May 1768)

9c) Maurizio Giuseppe Maria, Duke of Montferrat
(Turin 13 Sep 1762-Alghero, Sardinia 1 Sep 1799)

10c) Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaide (Turin 17 Jan 1764-
Dresden 28 Dec 1782); m.Dresden 24 Oct 1781 Anton Pr
of Saxony (Dresden 27 Dec 1755-Dresden 6 Jun 1836)

11c) CARLO FELICE Giuseppe Maria, King of Sardinia; on his
death he was succeeded by his cousin, Carlo Alberto Pr of
Savoy-Carignano (see Line 2) (Turin 6 Apr 1765-Turin 27 Apr
1831); m.Palermo 6 Apr 1807 Maria Cristina Pss of Bourbon-Two
Sicilies (Caserta 17 Jan 1779-Savona 11 Mar 1849)

12c) Giuseppe Benedetto Maria Placido, Ct of Maurienne,
Duke of Aosta (Turin 5 Oct 1766-Sassari, Sardinia 29 Oct 1802)

3b) Eleonora Maria Teresa (Turin 28
Feb 1728-Moncalieri 15 Aug 1781)

4b) Maria Luisa Gabriella (Turin 25
Mar 1729-San Andrea di Chieri 22 Aug 1767)

5b) Maria Felicita (Turin
19 Mar 1730-Rome 13 May 1801)

6b) Giuseppe Carlo Emanuele Filiberto Augusto,
Duke of Aosta (Turin 17 May 1731-Turin 25 Mar 1735)

7b) Carlo Francesco Romualdo, Duke of Chablais
(Turin 23 Jul 1733-Turin 28 Dec 1733)

8b) Carlo Francesco Maria Augusto, Duke of Aosta
(Turin 1 Dec 1738-Turin 25 Mar 1745)

9b) Maria Vittoria Margherita
(Turin 22 Jun 1740-Turin 14 Jul 1742)

10b) Benedetto Maria Maurizio, Duke of Chablais
(Turin 21 Jun 1741-Rome 4 Jan 1808); m.Turin 19
Mar 1775 Maria Anna Pss of Savoy (1757-1824; above)

6a) Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Chablais
(1 Dec 1705-19 Dec 1705)

The Second Line

Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Pr of Savoy-Carignano (Turin 24 Oct
1770-Chaillot 16 Aug 1800); m.Turin 24 Oct 1797 Maria Cristina
Pss of Saxony (Dresden 7 Dec 1779-Paris 24 Nov 1851);
for his ancestry click here

1a) CARLO ALBERTO Amedeo, succeeded as King of Sardinia 27 Apr 1831,
abdicated 23 Mar 1849 (Paris 29 Oct 1798-Oporto 28 Jul 1849); m.
Florence 30 Sep 1817 Maria Teresa Archdss of Austria-Tuscany
(Vienna 21 Mar 1801-Turin 12 Jan 1855)

1b) VITTORIO EMANUELE II, King of Sardinia on the abdication of his
father, and from 17 Mar 1861 King of Italy (Turin 14 Mar 1820-Rome
9 Jan 1878); m.1st Stupinigi 12 Apr 1842 Adelheid Archdss of Austria
(Milan 3 Jun 1822-Turin 20 Jan 1855); m.2d, morganatically, at Rome
7 Nov 1869 Rosa Teresa Vercellana, cr 11 Apr 1859 Ctsa di Mirafiori
e Fontanafredda (Moncalvo 3 Jun 1833-Pisa 27 Dec 1885)

1c) Ludovica Teresa Maria Clotilda (Turin 2 Mar 1843-
Moncalieri 25 Jun 1911); m.Turin 30 Jan 1859 Napoléon,
Pr Napoléon (Trieste 9 Sep 1822-Rome 18 Mar 1891)

2c) UMBERTO I Rainerio Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria
Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy (Turin 14 Mar 1844
-assassinated at Monza 29 Jul 1900); m.Turin 22 Apr
1868 Pss Margherita of Savoy (1851-1926; below)

1d) VITTORIO EMANUELE III Ferdinando Maria Gennaro, King of Italy
until his abdication 9 May 1946, Emperor of Ethiopia 9 May 1936-3
Sep 1943, King of Albania 16 Apr 1939-3 Sep 1943 (Naples 11 Nov
1869-Alexandria, Egypt 28 Dec 1947); m.Rome 24 Oct 1896 Elena Pss
of Montenegro (Cetinje 8 Jan 1873-Montpellier 28 Nov 1952)

1e) Jolanda Margherita Milena Elisabetta Romana Maria (Rome 1 Jun
1901-Rome 16 Oct 1986); m.Rome 9 Apr 1923 Giorgio Carlo Calvi Cte
di Bergolo (Athens 15 Mar 1887-Rome 25 Feb 1977)

1f) Maria Ludovica Calvi di Bergolo, b.Turin 24 Jan 1924;
m.Alexandria, Egypt 2 Dec 1949 (div 197_) Robert Gasche
(b.Alexandria 3 Apr 1918)

1g) Uberto Omar Gasche, b.Alexandria 1 May 1951; m.Lugano
16 Jun 1986 (div) Imara Ruffo di Calabria (b.Turin 7 Jul 1958)

1h) Maria-Cristina Gasche

2g) Helene [Yela] Gasche,
b.Alexandria 11 Mar 1955

2f) Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo
b.and d.Pinerolo 1925

3f) Vittoria Calvi di Bergolo (Turin 22 Jun 1927-Garda Mar 1985);
m.Alexandria 19 Apr 1947 Guglielmo Cte Guarienti di Brenzone
(Verona 14 Feb 1919-San Vigilio 4 Sep 2006)

1g) Emanuella Guarienti di Brenzone, b.Alexandria
17 May 1948; m.San Vigilio Apr 1975 Gregorio Sammartini

1h) Benedetta Sammartini,
b.Verona 22 Apr 1976

2h) Sebastiano Sammartini,
b.Verona 5 Jan 1979

3h) Carlo Sammartini,
b.Verona 2 Sep 1983

4h) Matteo Sammartini

2g) Agostino Guarienti di Brenzone, b.Verona 10 Jan 1951;
m.Negarine 30 Jun 1977 Diana Gemma Sagramoso
(b.Verona 21 Oct 1952)

1h) Bartolomeo Guarienti
di Brenzone, b.Verona 22 Nov 1981

2h) Filiberto Guarienti
di Brenzone, b.Verona 5 Oct 1984

3g) Guariente Guarienti
di Brenzone, b.Verona 14 Aug 1954; m.Carlina Sioli

1h) Vittorio Guarienti di Brenzone

2h) Carlotta Guarienti di Brenzone

4f) Guia-Anna Calvi di Bergolo, b.Turin 8 Mar 1930; m.Alexandria
10 Jan 1951 Carlo Guarienti (b.San Antonio di Treviso 28 Oct 1923)

1g) Maria Faldivia Guarienti
(Mestre 10 Jan 1952-Orbetello 10 May 1971)

2g) Delfinella Guarienti, b.Treviso 17 Apr 1954;
m.Dasson di Treviso 1977 Ranieri Randaccio (b.Rome 24 May 1952)

1h) Laura Randaccio, b.Rome 3 May 1981

2h) Guia Randaccio, b.Rome 1 Apr 1983

5f) Cte Pier Francesco Calvi di Bergolo,
b.Turin 22 Dec 1933; m.Serralungo de Crea
10 Nov 1958 Marisa Allasio (b.Turin 14 Jul 1936)

1g) Carlo Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo, b.Rome 10 Jul 1959

2g) Anda Calvi di Bergolo, b.Rome 11 Mar 1962;
m.29 Sep 1994 Alvise Cicogna (b.Vicenza 8 Feb 1958)

1h) Giovanni Cicogna

2e) Mafalda Maria Elisabetta Anna Romana (Rome 19
Nov 1902-Buchenwald concentration camp 27 Aug 1944);
m.Racconigi 23 Sep 1925 Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse
(Schloß Rumpenheim 6 Nov 1896-Rome 25 Oct 1980)

3e) UMBERTO II Nicola Tomasso Giovanni Maria, King of
Italy from his father's abdication until he left the
country 13 Jun 1946 after a referendum against the
monarchy (Racconigi 15 Sep 1904-Geneva 18 Mar 1983);
m.Rome 8 Jan 1930 Marie José Pss of Belgium (Ostende
4 Aug 1906-Geneva 27 Jan 2001)

1f) Maria Pia Elena Elisabetta Margherita Milena Mafalda
Ludovica Tecla Gennara (b.Naples 24 Sep 1934); m.1st
Cascais, Portugal 12 Feb 1955 (div 1967) Alexander Pr of
Yugoslavia (b.White Lodge, Richmond 13 Aug 1924); m.2d
Manalapan, Florida 16/17 May 2003 Pr Michel of Bourbon-Parma
(b.Paris 4 Mar 1926)

2f) VITTORIO EMANUELE Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio
Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria, Crown Pr of Italy,
Pr of Naples, Duke of Savoy, reportedly resigned his rights
as head of house in favor of his son July 2006, though no
official document saying so has been released (b.Naples 12
Feb 1937); m.(civ) Las Vegas 11 Jan 1970 (rel) Teheran 7
Oct 1971 Marina Ricolfi Doria (b.Geneva 12 Feb 1935)

1g) EMANUELE FILIBERTO Umberto Reza Ciro René Maria, Pr of
Venice and Piedmont (b.Geneva 22 Jul 1972); m.Rome 25 Sep
2003 Clotilde Courau (b.Levallois-Perret 3 Apr 1969)

1h) Vittoria Cristina Adelaide
Chiara Maria (b.Geneva 28 Dec 2003)

2h) Luisa Giovanna Agata Gavina
Bianca Maria (b.Geneva 16 Aug 2006)

3f) Maria Gabriella Giuseppa Aldegonda Adelaide Margherita
Ludovica Felicita Gennara (Naples 24 Feb 1940); m.(civ)
Saint-Mesme 16 Jun 1969 (rel) Eze-sur-Mer 21 Jun 1969
(div 1990) Robert Zellinger de Balkany
(b.Iklod, Hungary 4 Aug 1931)

1g) Marie Elisabeth Zellinger de Balkany, b.Lausanne 2 Mar
1972; m.Chene-Bourg, nr Geneva 31 Oct 20002 (rel)
Sainte-Mesme 26 Apr 2003 Olivier Janssens (b.1964)

1h) Gabriella Luisa Maria
Asia Janssens, b.Bangkok 7 Mar 2004

2h) Tommaso Janssens, b.Geneva 13 Jan 2006

4f) Maria Beatrice Elena Margherita Ludovica Caterina
Francisca Romana (b.Rome 2 Feb 1943); m.(civ) Ciudad
Juarez, Mexico 1 Apr 1970 (rel) Córdoba, Argentina Jan
1971 Luis Reyna Corvalán (Córdoba 18 Apr 1939-murdered
in Cuernavaca, Mexico 17 Feb 1999)

1g) Rafael Reyna y de Saboya, Pr of Savoy (Mexico 21
Sep 1970-Boston, Mass 29 Apr 1994 (apparently
committed suicide by jumping from a window)

1h) [ex matre Margaret "Meg" Beatty Tyler
(b.Louisville, Kentucky 29 Sep 1966)] Uriel
Adriana Saskia Tyler, b.16 Nov 1994

2g) Patrizio Reyna y de Saboya, b.and d.1971

3g) Azaea Reyna y de Saboya, b.New York 11 Nov
1973; m.Valle Bravo, Mexico 1996 Arturo
Pando y Mundet (b.1971)

1h) Marie José Pando y Corvalan Reyna,
b.Mexico City 23 Jul 1996

4e) Giovanna Elisabetta Antonia Romana Maria
(Rome 13 Nov 1907-Estoril 26 Feb 2000); m.Assisi
25 Oct 1930 King Boris III of Bulgaria
(Sofia 30 Jan 1894-Sofia 28 Aug 1943)

5e) Maria Francesca Anna Romana (Rome 26 Dec
1914-Mandelieu 4 Dec 2001); m.Rome 23 Jan 1939
Luigi Pr of Bourbon-Parma (Schwarzau am
Steinfelde 5 Dec 1899-Mandelieu,
nr Cannes 4 Dec 1967)

3c) Amedeo Ferdinando Maria, Duke of Aosta; he was
proclaimed King of Spain and the Indies 16 Nov 1870
during the civil wars of that period, but abdicated
11 Feb 1873 (Turin 30 May 1845-Turin 18 Jan 1890);
m.1st Turin 30 May 1867 Maria Vittoria del Pozzo, Pss
della Cisterna (Paris 9 Aug 1846-San Remo 8 Nov 1876)
; m.2d Turin 11 Sep 1888 Pss Marie Letizia Bonaparte
(Paris 20 Nov 1866-Moncalieri 25 Oct 1926)

1d) Emanuele Filiberto Vittorio Eugenio Genova Giuseppe
Maria, Duke of Aosta (Genoa 13 Jan 1869-Turin 4 Jul 1931)
; m.Kingston-on-Thames 25 Jun 1895 Pss Helene d'Orléans
(York House, Twickenham 13 Jun 1871-
Castellamare di Stabia 21 Jan 1951)

1e) Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe
Giovanni, Duke of Aosta (Turin 21 Oct 1898-d.imprisoned
by English in Nairobi 3 Mar 1942); m.Naples 5 Nov 1927
Pss Anne d'Orléans (Château de Nouvion-en-Thierache 5
Aug 1906-Sorrento 19 Mar 1986)

1f) Margherita Isabella Maria Vittoria Emanuella Elena
Gennara (b.Capodimonte 7 Apr 1930); m.(civ) Bourg-en
-Bresse 28 Dec 1953 (rel) Brou 29 Dec 1953 Robert,
Archduke of Austria-Este (Schönbrunn 8 Feb
1915-Basel 7 Feb 1996)

2f) Maria Cristina Giusta Elena Giovanna (b.Castle Miramar,
nr Trieste 12 Sep 1933); m.Jacarézinho, Brazil 29 Jan 1967
Casimir Pr of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b.Warsaw 8 Nov 1938)

2e) Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino, Duke
of Aosta, designated, but never reigned, as King Tomislav
II of Croatia 1941-1943 (Turin 9 Mar 1900-Buenos Aires 29
Jan 1948); m.Florence 1 Jul 1939 Irene Pss of Greece and
Denmark (Athens 13 Feb 1904-Fiesole 15 Apr 1974)

1f) Amedeo Umberto Constantino Giorgio Paolo Elena Maria
Fiorenzo Zvonimir, Duke of Aosta (b.Florence 27 Sep 1943);
m.1st Sintra, Portugal 22 Jul 1964 (div 1982) Pss Claude
d'Orléans (b.11 Dec 1943); m.2d Bagheria, Sicily 30 Mar
1987 Marchesa Silvia Paterno di Spedalotto
(b.Palermo 31 Dec 1953)

1g) Bianca Irene Olga Elena Isabella Fiorenza Maria
(b.Florence 2 Apr 1966); m.San Giustino Valdarno 11
Sep 1988 Cte Gilberto Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga
(b.Rome 5 Jul 1961)

1h) Viola Moreschina Nuschi Adec Nicoletta Maria
Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga, b.Rome 31 May 1991

2h) Vera Clementina Verde Aimone Elena Maria Arrivabene
Valenti Gonzaga, b.Samedan, Switzerland 18 Aug 1993

3h) Mafalda Violante Giovanna Olga Maria Valenti
Gonzaga, b.Conegliano Veneto 27 Dec 1997

4h) Maddalena Smeralda Brandolina Maria
Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga, b.24 Apr 2000

5h) Leonardo Amedeo Moreschino Sai Maria
Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga, b.Conegliano 5 Oct 2001

2g) Aimone Umberto Emanuele Filiberto Luigi Amedeo Elena
Maria Fiorenzo, Duke of Apulia (b.Florence 13 Oct 1967)

3g) Mafalda Giovanna Shams Maria Fiorenza Isabella
(b.Florence 20 Sep 1969); m.1st San Giustino Valdarno,
Tuscany 18 Sep 1994 (div) Alessandro Ruffo di Calabria
(b.Turin 4 Nov 1964); m.2d London 27 Apr 2001 Nobile
Francesco Ferrante Carlo Napoleone Lombardo di San
Chirico (b.Milan 31 Jan 1968)

1h) Nobile Anna Egizia Maria Carla Chiara Benedetta
Lombardo di San Chirico, b.Milan 11 Apr 1999

2h) Nobile Carlo Ferrante Gennaro Antonio Francesco
Lombardo di San Chirico, b.Milan 28 Jan 2001

3h) Nobile Elena Maria Carlotta Claude Silvia Stefania
Vittoria Lombardo di San Chirico, b.Milan 10 Mar 2003

4g) [by Kyra van Ellinghuizen]
Ginevra di Savoia, b.Milan 19 Mar 2006

2d) Vittorio Emanuele Torino Giovanni Maria,
Ct of Turin (Turin 24 Nov 1870-Brussels 16 Oct 1946)

3d) Luigi Amedeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando Francesco,
Duke of the Abruzzi (Madrid 29 Jan 1873-Jawhar
[Uebi Scebeli], nr. Mogadiscio, Somalia 13 Mar 1933)

4d) Umberto Maria Vittorio Amedeo Giuseppe,
Ct of Salemi (Turin 22 Jun 1889-k.a.19 Oct 1918)

4c) Oddone Eugenio Maria, Duke of Montferrat
(Turin 11 Jul 1846-Genoa 22 Jan 1866)

5c) Maria Pia (Turin 16 Oct 1847-Stupinigi 5 Jul 1911);
m.Lisbon 6 Oct 1862 King Luiz of Portugal
(Lisbon 31 Oct 1838-Cascais 19 Oct 1889)

6c) Carlo Alberto, Duke of Chablais
(Moncalieri 2 Jun 1851-Stupinigi 28 Jun 1854)

7c) Vittorio Emanuele, Ct of Geneva
(Turn 8 Jan 1855-Turin 17 May 1855)

8c) [born to second wife before marriage] Vittoria Guerrieri
(Castelceriolo 3 Dec 1848-Rome 29 Dec 1905); m.1st Castel della
Mandria 14 Apr 1868 Marchese Giacomo Spinola (Genoa 1 May 1828
-Florence 4 Jan 1872); m.2d 1 Sep 1873 Marchese Luigi Spinola
(Genoa 22 Jul 1825-Genoa Dec 1899); m.3d 1900 Paolo de Simone
(b.1859, committed suicide Jun 1906)

9c) [born to second wife before marriage] Emanuele Filiberto
Guerrieri, Cte di Mirafiori e Fontanafredda (Castelceriolo 26
Aug 1851-Sommariva Bosco 25 Dec 1894); m.Florence 27 May 1872
Bianca de Larderel (Florence 1856-Florence 24 Jun 1942)

1d) Vittorio Emanuele Guerrieri, Cte di Montafirori
e Fontanafredda (Florence 21 Dec 1873-Nervi 27 Jan 1896)

2d) Gastone Guerrieri, Cte di Mirafiori e Fontanafredda
(Florence 8 Dec 1878-Turin 7 Aug 1943); m.Bernardina, Alba 6
Jun 1900 Margherita Boasso (Turin 5 Dec 1878-San Remo 11 Jan 1974)

1e) Vittoria Guerrieri (Turin 2 Mar 1901-Turin 25 Nov 1970);
m.Sommariva 9 Jul 1925 Marchese Melchior Gromis, Cte di
(b.Turin 31 Dec 1895)

2b) Ferdinando Maria Alberto Amedeo Filiberto Vincenzo,
Duke of Genoa (Florence 15 Nov 1822-Turin 10 Feb 1855);
m.Dresden 22 Apr 1850 Pss Elisabeth of Saxony (Dresden
4 Feb 1830-Stresa 14 Aug 1912)

1c) Margherita Maria Teresa Giovanna (Turin 20 Nov 1851-
Bordighera 4 Jan 1926); m.Turin 22 Apr 1868 King Umberto
I of Italy (1844-1900; above)

2c) Tommaso Alberto Vittorio, Duke of Genoa (Turin 6 Feb
1854-Turin 15 Apr 1931); m.Nymphenburg 14 Apr 1883 Marie
Elisabeth Pss of Bavaria (Nymphenburg 31 Aug 1863-Rome
26 Feb 1924)

1d) Ferdinando Umberto Filippo Adalberto Maria, Duke of
Genoa (Turin 21 Apr 1884-Bordighera 24 Jun 1963); m.Turin
28 Feb 1938 Maria Luisa Alliaga Gandolfi (Fossano 22 Oct
1899-Turin 19 Jul 1986)

2d) Filiberto Lodovico Massimiliano Emanuele Maria, Duke
of Genoa (Turin 10 Mar 1895-Lausanne 7 Sep 1990); m.Turin
30 Apr 1928 Lydia Pss von Arenberg (Brussels 1 Apr 1905-
Lausanne 23 Jul 1977)

3d) Maria Bona Margherita Albertina Vittoria (Castello
d'Aglié 1 Aug 1896-Rome 2 Feb 1971); m.Castello d'Aglié
8 Jan 1921 Konrad Pr of Bavaria (Munich 22 Nov 1883-
Hinterstein 6 Sep 1969)

4d) Adalberto Luitpoldo Elena Giuseppe Maria, Duke of
Bergamo (Turin 19 Mar 1898-Turin 12 Dec 1982)

5d) Maria Adelaide Vittoria Amelia Elisabetta Marca
(Turin 25 Apr 1904-Rome 8 Feb 1979); m.San Rossore,
nr Pisa 15 Jul 1935 Don Leone Massimo, Pr di Arsoli
(Rome 25 Jan 1896-Rome 4 May 1979)

6d) Eugenio Alfonso Carlo Maria Giuseppe, Duke of Ancona,
Duke of Genoa (Turin 13 Mar 1906-Sao Paulo 8 Dec 1996);
m.Schloß Nymphenburg 29 Oct 1938 Lucia Pss of Bourbon-
Two Sicilies (Nymphenburg 9 Jul 1908-São Paulo 3 Nov 2001)

1e) Maria Isabella Elena Immacolata Barbara Anna Pace
(b.Rome 23 Jun 1943); m.Lausanne 29 Apr 1971 Alberto
Frioli (b.Rimini 7 Apr 1943)

1f) Vittorio Eugenio Frioli,
b.Sao Paulo 27 Feb 1972

2f) Maria Cristina Frioli
(b.and d.Sao Paulo 1973)

3f) Carlo Alberto Frioli,
b.Sao Paulo 18 Jul 1974

4f) Maria Luce Lydia Frioli,
b.Sao Paulo 15 Aug 1978

3b) Maria Cristina (Turin
4 Jul 1826-Turin 25 Jul 1827)